The Power of Music — Holiness Hitches a Ride

I feel bad for the psalms, that collection in the Bible called psalmoi, “songs.” Their music, the tunes supposed to accompany them, has been lost to us. Melodies such as “The Lilies,” Doe of the Morning,” and “Do Not Destroy,” affixed to the introduction of individual psalms are mysteries to us. We have no idea how they go – what key, what tempo, how loud or soft. Are they “happy” or “sad,” lilting or ponderous? We don’t even know how to translate some of the terms that likely refer to original tunes. Mahalath, for example, or gittith.

I got thinking about this because yesterday I had the rare opportunity to feast like some drunken bacchanal on live music performed by five amazing singer-songwriters. This was not a music festival but simply a day that coincidentally offered a house concert on a country afternoon and then a show in the evening at the renovated Jefferson Theater downtown. En route to each, on winding roads decorated by horses and green spring yielding to summer, the iPod on shuffle filled the car until finally I had to call “sensory overload.” We let final notes float out the window somewhere between Palmyra and Charlottesville.

Music is ultimately indefinable, but isn’t that the way? After all, words endure but a tune exists only while it can persuade invisible waves of sound to dance around our heads just so. My favorite music is tunes with words — songs. This is poetry taken to a whole new level. Then again, that’s not quite right because unlike pure poetry, the lyrics of songs are an empty carapace without the tune that animates them.

They may be interesting, they may be stirring, but lyrics mean best when hung onto notes by a living, breathing singer, who strings them like ornaments on simple respiration in a dazzlingly complex biological process. Add instruments, and wow, no limits. A song is radically impermanent. Yet it can be recreated over and over again when a set of lyrics meets its key: a tune to pump its heart, plied by those uncommon magicians, the alchemists of sound.

I suspect that each of the musicians who shifted the air of my yesterday would cringe to be called by such lofty names. But they know what they do. Danny Schmidt, with his quiet ways, has composed some of the most courageously thoughtful songs and performs them with grace. Carrie Elkin will blow you away. That girl’s got chops as big as her heart and she puts all of both into each song she sings… then shrugs and grins like she just dropped a cake.  The Milk Carton Kids (Kenneth Pattengale & Joey Ryan) transport with heartbreaking understatement. Extraordinary musical facility, both vocal and on vintage guitars, meets humor, smarts, and style on an otherwise ordinary stage. Finally (just because she was the last act we heard), Dar Williams. “The Mercy of the Fallen,” need I say more? Ok, then “Christians and Pagans.”

So, I feel bad for the biblical psalms. In Hebrew, their home language, the collection is called tehillim “songs of praise.” This ups the mystery ante. After all, the book is dominated by complaint. Evocative expressions of pain and suffering – all kinds and on all levels are far more common than happier sentiments. Yet somehow, all together, they are “Praise Songs.” And how poignant that the book’s Greek title, Psalms, comes from a word that may refer as much to a stringed instrument as the “songs” it accompanied.

Now, you may call me sacrilegious, but as much as I wish we knew the full music of those biblical texts, I do not believe that they alone possess sanctifying power. I do not believe that the sacred is bound by text or that the divine is circumscribed by religion. Holiness happens in the oddest places. It may be as profound and fleeting as a song.

*This essay first appeared in The Huffington Post.

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Stirring the Stones of the College on the Hill

Daily chapel wasn’t mandatory when I went to St. Olaf, as it had been in days of yore; but nearly everybody went anyway. It was to be one of many surprises for me. Another: the organ bit at the end — not for walking out. You stayed put, in your pew. Or more accurately, it pinned you there, helpless, until the final strains, grand or sweet, dissonant or of a simple harmony faded, abandoning you to the ordinary day. People stood, hands on the backs of pews, facing the simple altar, the warm windows, or looking up at the source of the music. Some sat, lounging on elbows or legs tucked under.

The organist was almost as new as I, a freshman to the campus in 1984 checking out the chapel. The psalm that day was one of the last in the collection, Psalm 148, a psalm of praise from the heavens to earth and back again. When the service ended, John Ferguson struck the first notes, and I began to walk out. But the music rose like a tide from the back of the church, came crashing. I sat. Ferguson let loose, forging the words in new lyric-less ways: “Praise YHWH, all sea monsters and ocean depths, fire and hail, snow and smoke, storm wind that executes His command…” It was as if the entire universe with all of its weight and all of its glory had come to bear on our little hill.

A dry campus with high academic standards, St. Olaf is remarkably comfortable with drama. Not the in-your-face drama of hyped radicalism but the deep drama of fierce weather and big-hearted actions born of an authentic faith. I am so proud of the cutting-edge sustainability that St. Olaf has realized, not just because it’s the right thing to do but because it fit with the integrity of a college that connects head, heart, and soul.

Cynicism flees from that place like stray leaves when winter hits. Then, winds that have gathered across the southern Minnesota prairie tear over the hill on which St. Olaf was built some 225 years ago by Norwegian Lutheran farmers. The air on a clear day is so clean that it almost hurts, as pure as revelation.

Yesterday I received the billet that my parents sent from an event their Duluth congregation hosted recently: “Songs for the Journey,” with the St. Olaf Cantorei, conducted by John Ferguson. He’s retiring. I left St. Olaf a long time ago, but it hasn’t left me. I suspect he’ll feel the same and maybe even more. Godspeed.

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Some Musings on the Name of God

There is a long-standing tradition that no person, no mere mortal, should presume to possess the name of God. The Name, as the reasoning goes, is a holy thing, a handle on the divine not to be trifled with. We hear concern about its misuse in the ancient biblical commandment, “Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD in vain.”

But what is that name? The short (but incomplete) answer is that it’s the four-letter word that God introduced to Moses — a Hebrew word that played on the verb “to be”: “I am who I am.” Transliterating those four Hebrew letters yields some variation of YHWH or JHVH.

In an effort not to mess with the name, early biblical texts showed its presence with four simple dots. Some people today will use Ha-Shem (“the name” in Hebrew) or Adonai (“lord” Hebrew) rather than risk tampering with the real thing. “Jehovah” is a hybrid composed of the consonants of the Hebrew four-letter name plus the vowels of the Hebrew title “lord.” Many English translations represent the four-letter name with “LORD” (not to be confused with “Lord,” a translation of the Hebrew adonai or of the Greek kurios.) It’s the four-letter Hebrew name that’s behind the commandment quoted above.

Efforts not to take the Name in vain have extended also to the description-word “God.” So we get the charming “gosh darn,” “good golly,” even “for goodness sakes.” “Sheesh,” of course falls into the same category, this time to avoid “Jesus,” along with “criminy” and my personal favorite “jiminy cricket.”

A new translation of the Bible just came out – -The Voice. It’s wildly unconventional insofar as it attempts to realize a profound theological belief: that God’s Word can be loosed from the constraints of traditional translation AND that its version is neither the only nor the last word. By employing different creative writers to render individual books (and scholars to vet the results), The Voice models the Bible’s diversity of voices, a quality that most translations flatten. But its departure from strict translation supposes the value of other, more traditional ones, too.

Among the plethora of new Bible translations, The Voice stands out for its courageous effort to make biblical texts sensible to today’s readers in new ways.  Predictable styles, vocabulary, and idioms are absent. In their place: interpretation that illuminates and clarifies terminology that can be misleading or opaque to modern readers. In some cases, that traditional terminology may be so familiar that we don’t even know what we’re missing.

Such efforts are bound to be misunderstood. For example, the book’s release elicited this sensational headline: “Christ Missing From New Bible.” Ah, the beauty of punctuation: Christ is not missing from the new translation; “Christ” is. Few people know that the word “Christ” is actually a transliteration of a translation of a word with an ancient meaning that itself is multivalent. Its use today, however, is monotone at best and sometimes dead wrong. (Christ is not Jesus’ name, first or last, but a descriptive title). The Voice reaches out to draw back the curtain on such terms, providing poetic interpretation and fresh description.

Despite the liberty The Voice editors gave to the creative writers who worked on the different biblical books, they standardized monikers for God. I don’t agree with every choice they made, but I applaud the effort. They sought to render the various names and descriptions for God that appear in the Bible in ways that get at the theological implications of those Greek and Hebrew terms.

In a stroke of theological brilliance, Leonard Cohen sings in “Hallelujah,” “You say I took the name in vain./ I don’t even know the name./ But if I did, well, really what’s it to ya?/ There’s a blaze of light in every word./ It doesn’t matter which you heard/ the holy or the broken hallelujah.”

“The Name” is in some mysterious way an aspect of a dynamic and living God. And in some powerful and mysterious way, it makes the presence and being of that God somehow accessible, somehow know-able to human beings. In other words, God has made Godself vulnerable. Human beings have the capacity to misuse the Name, and that, I propose, goes far beyond any expletive. It extends to our treatment of others, of the planet, of anything or anyone that falls within the purview of God.

Now, I’m not sure how to reconcile the freedom of God with the accessibility of the Name, but I am pretty sure that “the Name of God” is far more dynamic and multifaceted than any single word. Maybe, as Cohen’s song suggests, every single word can carry something of the divine within it or otherwise evoke the holy and make it real. Think logos, Holy Writ, and all that.

It’s good to be reminded both that we cannot fully possess the Name of God with all that it implies and at the same time that we nevertheless bear responsibility for how we wield the Word. The sum of those prescribes humility in the face of profound knowledge, openness to what my challenge and even change us, and unceasing restraint.

Full disclosure: I translated three books for The Voice and consulted on a couple of others. I was paid for my work but will receive no royalties or further payments from them.

This essay appeared recently on the Huffington Post .

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Life and Death, Mercy and Dominion

The following meditation on our relationships with animals, the strange expression “to be at the mercy of,” and what the notion of “dominion” may mean when it comes to the animals who live with us just appeared also on HuffingtonPost. I wrote it on the occasion of my old pound hound’s death. Sweet Trout is much missed.

To be “at the mercy of” is a strange expression when applied to the animals who live with us. Yet that’s what came to mind yesterday, when my dog of over a decade died. “We can be sure of death; it’s the living that’s uncertain,” my husband said to me. His point, a deeply comforting one, was that I had given this dog of rough beginnings a good life.

We human beings get, for the most part, to determine the quality of our lives. But the animals who live with us are, as we say, “at our mercy.” Yet what a strange expression. For “mercy” presumes guilt. To be merciful is to choose not to punish when punishment is due. At least that’s the definition that makes sense in the religious language where the term is most at home. Mercy is the prerogative of the one who dispenses justice. And if it is given at all, it is given to the guilty.

Of what moral blunders or ethical infractions could a dog, a horse, a bird, a cat, a guinea pig be guilty? It’s silly to contemplate. Failures to obey our commands hardly count. Even “vicious” behavior, when we account for its origins in the likes of fear, abuse, or pain, doesn’t qualify as criminal in the cases of the animals whose lives we so define.

It is precisely because of an animal’s innate innocence human beings have for millennia used animals for sacrifice, as the vicarious repositories for our guilt.  We are now in the season of Passover and Easter, when Jews and Christians recall how the blood of a lamb won the life of human beings. Yet this is not the place for a discourse on sacrifice.

What I mean rather to write about is the privilege and responsibility we have for the animals in our keeping.  Not only that, but also how that relationship shapes us. It is not, after all, one-sided. Who we are is partly who our animals help us to be, simply by being themselves. Right now, for me, that is learning to treasure the memory of an old hound and the gifts of present moments as they happen.

Animals do not agonize over their deaths, worrying in advance, or living for what may or may not come after. They simply live while they live. The present is all there is, and it is full. What it is full of, in the case of those animals who live with us, is largely defined by us. We kid ourselves if we think that it is not.

This, I think, is part of what it means “to have dominion,” in the biblical language of Genesis. It is to accept and exercise the power we have to determine the quality of lives other than our own and to do so in ways that promote the best for all. In the case of animals, such dominion is paradoxically strengthened by our willingness to be weak, to be open to what the animals themselves may teach us about goodness and what is right.

I don’t propose that we should live exactly like the beasts, nor that we should imagine animals to be just like human beings. But what a gift to be reminded that food in the belly, fresh water, and the loving company of a friend can make for a rich life. Not, I should add, that such was the sum of my dog’s longing. In the case of my dear departed, the dog was no saint. Sneaking the dessert cheese off an unattended platter while we said goodbye to guests, passing gas sufficiently potent to drop an elephant or at least drive my husband from our bed, straining at the leash enough to put my neck and shoulders out for a week, and so on. But I’d have it no other way.

And I’d have him back, if I could.  But my dog was sick. He was old, with a congenital heart defect that worsened with age. He got sicker. We tried to keep him comfortable and succeeded for a time with various medications and lots of attention. Then he got even sicker, quit eating, couldn’t walk very well, and drew breath only with great difficulty. So, on Tuesday afternoon I lied with him in the warming sun and stroked his soft speckled ears. Then with the help of our kind veterinarian, he died.

“Merciful”? There are some who would call me a killer, I suppose, in hastening death. But there’s that pesky “dominion” thing, again – to decide with intelligence, compassion, and wisdom. So we do the best we can to care for those within our charge, love without reservation, and let them shape and teach us. Then, when we have done our best, we might still hope for our own kind of mercy.

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Apolitical Nature

A princess betrothed to Nebuchadnezzar travels from her palace in Hamadan to Babylon. True story, and it’s angling to be the beginning of my historical novel. Amytis’ journey, 2500 years ago, from what is modern, northern Iran to what is modern, central Iraq passed through a changing landscape with a dizzying variety of flora and fauna. Learning about the region of her childhood — Hamadan/Ecbatana — I am struck by its beauty, sophisticated and diverse ecosystems, by its fragile wild nature. Like the political landscape, the natural has changed somewhat over the centuries. But it is still remarkably diverse and strikingly beautiful.

According to one recent scientific article, a protected area in Hamedan province of about 11000 ha includes a wide variety of plants and animals: “Some of the mine plant species are nettle tree, sour cherry, mountain almond, astragal, thorn, barberry, thistle, ziziphora, devil milk, carnation, sheep fescus, milfoil, dog rose, thyme, acanthofyllum and different species of gramineae. The main animal species of the region included wild goat, Armenian sheep, wolf, striped hyena, common fox, golden jackal, Indian crested porcupine, stone marten, golden eagle, kestrel, sparrow hawk, hobby, black vulture, chukar parttidge, see-partridge, sandgrouse, stock dove, red-billed chough, bunting, rock nuthatch, Montpellier snake, versicolored wood snake, agama, scorpion and tarantula” (YAVARI AND SHAHGOLZARI / J. Agric. Soc. Sci., Vol. 7, No. 3, 2011pages 103-104). Another article concerns only moss, reporting 32 moss varieties in Hamedan province alone. (And these are just a couple of items that pop up in a Google search of Hamedan flora.)

I learn about this with both respect for the Iranians who have chosen to protect and preserve wild spaces such as the Khan-Gormaz described above and with dread that the politics in which the non-human natural world has no say will nevertheless lead to its destruction. Such are losses with no political boundaries. Oh, for peace.

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Our Collective Human Heritage

I know they look boring, but: ancient tablets discovered at Persepolis contain incredibly valuable information not only to scholars of the ancient Near East but to all of us. But they’re most valuable when considered together and publicly available as part of our collective human heritage. The book that I’m writing now has morphed from a scholarly treatment to an ancient Persian soap opera, and these tablets have proved tremendously important all along the way. They provide a window into ancient culinary habits, religious beliefs, the personal relationships of working stiffs as well as the rich and famous, the stuff of craftsmanship, and much more… and all concerning a culture with unparalleled influence in world history. Please take a moment to follow this link, edit the form letter as you wish, and then send it on to your senators. The alternative: individual tablets could be pulled from the public domain and sold into private hands, effectively disappearing… again.

For more information, check out the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project

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Iran’s Enduring Natural Beauty

Legend has it that Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon for his young wife, Amytis, who was homesick for the mountain home of her childhood. That home? — ancient Ecbatana, modern Iran’s Hamadan, one mile above sea level in the shadow of snow-c0vered Mt. Alvand. Looking at pictures of the place, so unlike what most of us imagine Iran to be, is it any wonder that she’d miss such a place?!

Even before Amytis and Nebuchadnezzar (6th cent, BC), people from Israel’s northern tribes were uprooted from Israel (by conquering Assyrians) and settled in Ecbatana/Hamadan. The modern city contains a structure known as the tomb of (the biblical) Esther and her uncle Mordecai.

After Nebuchadnezzar died, Amytis returned to Ecbatana in ancient Media. When her father was defeated by Cyrus the Great, her nephew, she became the king’s new wife and, as I imagine in my book, an influential great-aunt to the princess Atossa.

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Mean and Ugly Prayers

One thinks of prayers as nice things and of the Bible goodness, wisdom, and light. What an ugly wake-up, then, to find supposedly decent people praying for the President’s death. And they’re using the Bible to do so, no less. This, against a president who shares with his detractors Christian faith and belief in the sanctity of the Bible. Goes to show that not all Christians are, well, “Christian”; and while the Bible indeed contains great wisdom, lofty ideas, and words of comfort and peace, it also contains much that requires intelligent and wise treatment.

Some of the Bible is simply inappropriate for literal application in our time and place. That doesn’t make it worthless. On the contrary, biblical texts such as the one that Kansas House Speaker Mike O’Neal (R-Hutchinson) irresponsibly applied to our sitting President push us to think for ourselves, weighing and judging the fitness of certain received ideas or sentiments. “Irresponsible” is to put O’Neal’s treatment lightly, really. My husband observed that it’s treasonous. At the least, it’s in poor taste. Uncool. Unfortunately, O’Neal is not alone in his smug ugliness. Whatever you might think about Obama or I might think about O’Neal, that biblical text has no business in political discourse today. If you must have one, trade it in for 1 Timothy 2:1-2.

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Are We Better?

If Americans know anything at all about Cyrus II, it’s usually positive. The founder of the Persian Empire earned praise then and now for inaugurating a new way to rule: with respect — respect for differences of religion, respect for the wisdom of individual communities, respect (i.e. fair pay) for honest work… and all this over 2500 years ago. But digging a little deeper, it wasn’t all revolution and roses throughout the vast empire. Slavery continued to be an acceptable “institution.” People were branded and mutilated, eunuchs made and witches tracked for the crime of a neighbor’s illness. Were Cyrus’s Persians better than the Assyrians and Babylonians before them, who flayed enemies alive (see pic… and a child watching?!), cut off noses and ears, the thumbs of vanquished kings? In many ways, yes. And I am learning more. Yet immersed in this history and excavating especially the lives of women, I’m struck by how far we’ve come, not least by the security and respect that I have simply taken for granted as a basic human right. And I’m less cynical (or pessimistic, as John Horgan might say in his Slate.com article) about the premise of Steven Pinker‘s new book, The Better Angels of Our Nature. Gosh, maybe we are getting better. Now, about that pesky environment thing…

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Anniversary of Crisis and Change — the 10th of Tevet

Today, Jews (really really observant Jews) fast during the daylight hours to recall a devastating event of over 2500 years ago. This, the 10th day of the month of Tevet, is remembered as the anniversary of the Babylonian king’s assault of Jerusalem. Tradition maintains that it was on this day in 587 B.C. that Nebuchadnezzar began his siege against the capital of Judah. The Babylonians ultimately prevailed, taking down not just the nation but also its glorious temple, remembered as built by King Solomon and dedicated to God who would be mysteriously present for God’s people from that place. The Babylonians also removed a number of the most important people from Jerusalem and brought them back to Babylon, where they remained until Cyrus II conquered Babylon and allowed them to return. Many stayed for generations after that, and a vibrant Jewish community grew up in the region in what is present-day Iraq.

Now, I don’t know how many Jews actually do fast on this day or even note it at all (the actual destruction of the Jerusalem Temple is a different anniversary). It certainly isn’t as uplifting as Hanukkah… then again, such deprivation isn’t alien to Jewish practice. But this event — Nebuchadnezzar’s attack — little appreciated outside of Jewish practice, was a crucial moment in the development of the ideas that predominate in the Bible, indeed of the Bible itself. I’m not suggesting that it’s a good thing, the bloodshed, destruction, and forced migration that followed; but I’m not sure we would have the Bible’s rich theology or the incredibly influential literature of the Bible at all had it not been for the Babylonian assault on Jerusalem.

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